The
Western Sahara Question
In
his description of the Sus region, Leo does not go further than
the Oued Draa (Draa river), a dry riverbed we crossed several hundred
miles before we reached Laayoune- our final destination in this
region. With a bit more time, and certainly more courage ( amenities
start getting rather basic once you reach these parts of Morocco)
we could have driven another 900 kilometers, before reaching the
Moroccan-Mauritanian border. But none of this route would have been
part of Leo's Morocco. Not that it was not considered a part of
the Moroccan kingdom , but a rather deserted one, whose importance
lay in its capacity as a passage between the Mediterranean and the
Sudan (what was known as "black Africa" in Leo's days).
While rarely visited for its own sake, it was a crucial element
of the Moroccan kingdom, and 5 of the 7 ruling Moroccan dynasties
originated from this Saharan province: in Leo's days, the Saadian
dynasty had Saharoui roots; so does today's Alaouite family. |
1652
kilometers between Tan-tan and Nouakchott, the Mauritanian capital
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Colonialism
and its aftermath led to much confusion in the region, largely due to
the creation of Saharan states in lands that had never before been autonomous.
Most contentious for Morocco were the establishment of its frontiers with
Algeria and Mauritania , both decided by the departing French and Spanish
forces. To most Moroccans, and many Saharouis (members of various Arab
tribes inhabiting the Sahara's deserted expanses) this was a traumatizing
departure from a 1000 years of joint life. The "Western Sahara question"
has been the focus of several international crises since 1956.
Key dates include:
1956-
Moroccan Independence; but several Moroccan territories are still occupied
by the Spanish- including the Western Sahara.
July 1973- creation of the Polisario, the armed faction of the
"Saharoui people" (the legitimacy of which is greatly questioned
by many, given that there is no real evidence of the existence of a Saharoui
identity or people...). Their name is an acronym standing for: "Front
Populaire pour la liberation de la Saquia el Hamra et du Rio de Oro"-
front for the liberation of the Saquia el Hamra and the Rio de Oro, both
regions controlled by the Spanish. If you listen to the average Northern
Moroccan individual, the Polisario is nothing but a collection of convicts
and criminals sent from Algeria, Libya and Spain to spread havoc in a
perfectly Moroccan region. And they will vehemently add that Spain and
Algeria have been financially backing these ruffians for decades. That
Spain and Algeria should be involved in this conflict comes as no real
surprise- and the amount of land mines to be found in these parts of the
desert attest to serious military investment on all parts of the conflict.
But the "convicts and ruffians" theory is a bit harder to believe.
June 6th 1975- day one of the "Green March" when hundreds
of thousands of Moroccan nationals walked through the Sahara provinces
of Morocco, Koran and Moroccan flag in hand. This event is still celebrated
yearly, as a national holiday (Cities are covered with big and small flags
and everyone rushes home to watch the king's speech on TV).
a
UN truck in the Laayoune airport parking lot
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November
1975- Spain gives up its Saharan territory to Morocco.
July 1979- armed conflict in what was once the Spanish Sahara,
opposing Moroccan, Algerian and Polisario troops. This marks the
beginning of a decade of warfare.
July 1991- United Nations move into Laayoune, to organize
THE referendum, which is supposed to determine whether this region
will become officially Moroccan or an independent Saharoui state.
So far, it has taken more than 8 years to decide on who will be
eligible to vote in this referendum: nomadic tribes? Moroccan citizens
living in the Sahara? Members of the Polisario independence movement?
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Many speculate
that this question is not about to be solved. One thing is certain- the
UN is everywhere, and you cannot help but be awed at the hundreds of white
trucks filling streets and parking lots.
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